World Encyclopedia | Environmental Sciences

Introduction The Russian Revolution is dated to November 1917 (October 1917 in the Russian calendar), when Bolshevik Party forces took over the government offices in Petrograd. Tsar were in power since 1547. However, the problems that led toward revolution had been developing for generations. The revolution’s consequences, too, were far-reaching—the Communist Party, which formed to lead post-revolutionary Russia, remained in power until 1991. The revolution was followed by a new shift in world politics wherein two systems--capitalism and communism-- came in direct clash with each other. At the end, capitalism emerged triumphant after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. Causes in brief 1. Widespread suffering under autocracy— a form of government in which one person, in this case the czar, has absolute power. The ministers and other high officials were directly appointed by him and reported the progress to him. He was greatly assisted by his wife Alexandra. He h...

Ideology  Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. (Oxford) Nazism = Racism and anti-Semitism + fascism. Hitler and Mussolini in 1939 Causes i) Discontentment/ resentment after the Treaty of Versailles: Italy joined the Allies in  First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But through the Treaty of Versailles, she could get only Southern Tyrol and Trentino, and the coastal regions of Dalmatia. She could get no part of the German and Turkish colonial empire. It could not get Dalmatia, German colonies and Fiume. This deprivation caused anger among people in Italy. They felt betrayed and deceived by the Allies.   ii) Economic Crisis: Italy suffered heavy losses in terms of life and property in First Wo...

The word democracy stems from the Greek words demos, "people" and kratos, "rule." A democracy is simply a system of government in which the people rule. Many political thinkers tried to put forth the definition and theme of democracy in different ways. Paul Cruickshank, Sophomore and Morrissey defined it: "A Democracy is a system which places priority on allowing the common individual the ability to express his or her ideas without fear of persecution or arrest".  John Calhoun once remarked "Democracy [is] not majority rule: democracy [is] diffusion of power, representation of interests, recognition of minorities" . Lauren Wons   was of the view that democracy is " a government for the people where citizens are allowed to make their own decisions on issues and voice their sentiments" . After analyzing these definitions, one can conclude that the ultimate goal of democracy is to empower people. All powers should be vested in people ...