World Encyclopedia | Environmental Sciences

Economy of Pakistan is unstable at best at the moment. Current account deficit had widened to staggering $ 18 billion (5.7% of GDP) at the end of FY 2017-18.  It  was largely due to soaring imports level and shrinking exports. Similarly, Country's fiscal deficit hit a five-year high or 6.6 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as it was Rs 2,260 billion in absolute terms for the recently-concluded fiscal year of 2017-18 against the targeted 4.1 percent in the budget. Federal Board of Revenue collected revenue of 5228 billion . And total state expenditures stood at whooping $7488 billion.  The biggest challenge to the country is the surging external debt which is about to cross the $100 billion mark in a few months. Annual economic growth It was more like a bolt from the blue for the citizens who were being assured by the previous government that the economy had been put on the path of a sustained growth and it had acquired the foundation to withstand any...

What is this project about?  Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a multi-billion project initiated by China to link Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime linkages along six corridors with the objective of improving regional integration,coordination, boosting trade and stimulating economic growth. Many eminent thinkers have declared it "The Project of the Century". Where are those six corridors? (1)    1) linking China to Europe through Central Asia and Russia; (China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor (CMREC))   2) Connecting China with the Middle East through Central Asia (China-Central and West Asia Economic Corridor (CCWAEC))   3) China-Pakistan Economic Corridor   4) China-Indo-China Peninsula Economic Corridor   5)   New Eurasian Land Bridge (NELB)   6) Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor Six corridors Total outlay  According to the Chinese president, China is planning to invest around $...

                                      ‘World’s most intractable conflict’   1. Origins ⦁ Antisemitism movement had unfolded in Europe in the second half of  19th century and Jews became detestable people for Europeans. In 1881 , a series of pogrom swept through Southern Russia , sparking a wave of emigration mainly to America ( settler colonialism—Noam Chomsky) . ⦁ First immigration wave (1881-1903, named Aliyah) -after Leo Pinsker published Auto-Emancipation 1882 , thousands of Jews migrated to other countries. A few hundreds had settled in Palestine too. ⦁It was T heodor Herzl wrote a book Der Judenstaat (the Jewish state) in 1896 when he called for a Jewish state for Jews as the only solution to put an end to their atrocities. In 1897, he convened a meeting of Jews. Jews from all over the world were invited to deliberate on the future of Jewish community. An orga...

National integration is a process of achieving national cohesion, stability, prosperity, strength and feelings of being united as a nation.  Pakistan faces varying degrees of religious, ethnic, linguistic, economic and political problems that are often in conflict with our national interests. To guard against all challenges to the solidarity and security of Pakistan, a well knitted and integrated nation is a must. Having inherited a complex nature of multi-ethnic, unevenly developed and multi-linguistic population in its national entity, with different socio-cultural backgrounds, the danger of regional fragmentation is always there. Due its diversity, Pakistan has been confronting a multitude of ethnic issues since its creation. What the state lack  is a  comprehensive strategy to deal with the perennial issue.    A look at  ethnic, linguistic and religious composition in Pakistan     A)  Ethnicities (2017)   ...