World Encyclopedia | Environmental Sciences

What is a non-traditional Security Threat? “NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY (NTS) CHALLENGES ARE THREATS TO THE SURVIVAL AND WELL-BEING OF PEOPLES AND STATES THAT ARISE PRIMARILY OUT OF NON-MILITARY SOURCES SUCH AS CLIMATE CHANGE, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, NATURAL DISASTERS, IRREGULAR MIGRATION, FOOD AND WATER SHORTAGES AND OTHER FORMS OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES.”, DR. MELY CABALLERO-ANTHONY Following are the threats:  1. Climate change Pakistan among the most vulnerable countries (ranked 7 th ) to climate change. Hottest year 2017, Karachi’s temperature 53 degree centigrade, heat wave killed 1500 people, Smog in Lahore has paralyzed the lives. Thus endangering the lives of people in many ways.    In Pakistan, low-probability and high-impact events such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, storms and cyclones have been increasing in frequency, inflicting unbearable human and financial losses. The case in point being the earthquake of 2005 that caused approximately 0...

As many as 49 Indian paramilitary soldiers were killed in Pulawama attack on February 14, 2019. The Jaish e Muhammad, having roots in Pakistan, claimed responsibility for the attack. As a matter of fact, the attacker was a Kashmiri boy,  Adil Ahmad Dar ,   who was humiliated by the Indian security forces multiple times before joining hands with the freedom fighters in Kashmir.  Although it was a failure on part of the Indian government, the military forces and the intelligence agencies, Indian PM Narendra Modi was clever enough to divert the attention of people away from his government’s policy failure in Kashmir. He wasted no time in blaming Pakistan for the attack without any proof or evidence and vowed to avenge the “blood of soldiers”. He assured his people that “time for negotiations had passed”.  And Indian media came into play as it had the best opportunity to whip up sentiments of the people in India against Pakistan and push for a “war” with Pak...

What are the major social problems of Pakistan?  According to multiple studies following are the major social issues in Pakistan: Unemployment  Overpopulation' Child Abuse Drug Addiction Juvenile Delinquency  Child Labour Bonded Labour These issues have far-reaching effects on overall growth of Pakistani society. Unless the state of Pakistan addresses the underlying problems, there is not way that the country treads a forward journey of prosperity and success.  Major causes of social problems in Pakistan ·          Bad Governance--weak service delivery institutions ·          Political instability ·          poor law and order situation--judicial system ·          Widespread corruption at all levels ·          Illiteracy ·    ...

Introduction The Federally Administrated Tribal Area is a tribal region in Northwest of Pakistan. The territory is inhabited by various Pashtun tribes. It comprises 7 Tribal Agencies and 6 Frontier Regions. It was historically called “buffer against foreign aggression.” The agencies are: Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai, Khyber, Kurram, North Waziristan and South Waziristan. And the six FR are: Frontier Region Peshawar, Frontier Region Kohat, FR Bannu, FR Lakki Marwat, FR Tank and FR Dera Ismail Khan. FATA is integral part of federation under Article 1(c) of the constitution of Pakistan. Some Fast Facts: ⦁Total area 27,220 km2 ⦁Administrative centre Peshawar ⦁Biggest city Parachinar ⦁Six agencies share border with Afghanistan. ⦁Total population 5.1 million (2017) ⦁70% people below poverty line ⦁Literacy rate is 33% (male 45%, female 7%) ⦁Unemployment rate stood at 8%     Why mainstreaming is important? ⦁FATA has become a breeding ground for terrorists due to lac...

Background In 1944 Paul Lazarsfeld, (1901-1976) an American Social Researcher, Bernard Berelson (1912 – 1979) and Hazel Gaudet had introduced the Two-Step Flow of Communication theory in their book called “The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press”. Basically, at that time, common mass of people had little access to media, therefore, they heavily relied on the "buffer" between media and them. The ''buffer'' was usually a political person, having direct access to information, or a blog or a magazine or anyone wielding influence on people or an individual. The main focus of the theory were the American people whose voting preferences were based on how the "buffer" injected a certain piece of information in them. Main Actors of the theory  1. .Media: media transmits information to opinion leaders on a wide range of issues--society,politics,economy, religion, culture, foreign...

Introduction The Russian Revolution is dated to November 1917 (October 1917 in the Russian calendar), when Bolshevik Party forces took over the government offices in Petrograd. Tsar were in power since 1547. However, the problems that led toward revolution had been developing for generations. The revolution’s consequences, too, were far-reaching—the Communist Party, which formed to lead post-revolutionary Russia, remained in power until 1991. The revolution was followed by a new shift in world politics wherein two systems--capitalism and communism-- came in direct clash with each other. At the end, capitalism emerged triumphant after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. Causes in brief 1. Widespread suffering under autocracy— a form of government in which one person, in this case the czar, has absolute power. The ministers and other high officials were directly appointed by him and reported the progress to him. He was greatly assisted by his wife Alexandra. He h...